+ Has estrogenic effects
+ Supplementation may inhibit certain prostate cancer cells
+ Deprivation affects cysteine metabolism in a way that negatively affects bone
+ Deficiency found in muscle fatigue
+ Overall low intake in women
+ Supplementation can reduce cancer risks in post menopausal women
+ Intake of 470/mg/day meets bone growth needs of 1-4 year olds
+ Supplementation has positive impact on colon cancer incidence
+ Supplementation has positive effect on lipids during weight loss
+ Deficiency may contribute to insulin insensitivity
+ Known to enhance the action of insulin, a hormone critical to the metabolism and storage of carbohydrate, fat, and protein in the body
+ Appears to be directly involved in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, but more research is needed to determine the full range of its roles in the body
+ Sold as a single-ingredient supplement as well as in combination formulas, particularly those marketed for weight loss and performance enhancement
+ Supplement doses typically range from 50 to 200 mcg
+ Certain medications may interact with chromium, especially when taken on a regular basis
+ Before taking dietary supplements, check with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider, especially if you take prescription or over-the-counter medications
+ Deficiency causes hematological abnormalities
+ Modulates cadmium toxicity
+ Role in liver health
+ Improves certain immune functions
+ Important to brain health
+ Deficiency can be cause of bone marrow failure
+ Deficiency associated with atherosclerosis
+ Deficiency is overlooked cause of anemia and neutropenia
+ Deficiency can cause altered cardiac function due to elevated NO Synthases
+ Intake decreases homocysteine and increases gluthathione
+ Deficiency contributes to altered cardiac function
+ Supplementation with copper glycinate increases red cell SOD
+ Has a role in CNS development
+ May be associated with BMI
+ Fights anemia of cancer
+ Deficiency causes anemia
+ Deficiency caused by H. pylori
+ Heme iron uptake
+ Iron handling and anemia of chronic disease
+ Iron deficiency due to gastric bypass
+ Ferrous bisglycinate more effective due to better compliance
+ Resulting from less side effects
+ Iron absorption inhibited by tea and enhanced by Vitamin C
+ Deficiency causes decreased cognitive function
+ Daily intake improves anemia status, while weekly intake only maintains status
+ Ferrous Bisglycinate low dose cookie (3.8mg) 3X a week overcomes anemia
+ Iron deficiency linked to depression
+ Iron absorption in intestines is upregulated in iron deficiency
+ Iron deficiency causes increase in zip metal transporters
+ Iron affects behavior
+ Deficiency of iron in infants decreases motor development
+ Deficiency can cause ovary infertility
+ Better to supplement iron in pregnancy than take chances
+ Deficiency is associated with disease components of Metabolic Syndrome
+ Deficiency incidence is widespread
+ Has neuro-protective effects
+ Administration modulates cadmium toxicity
+ Deficiency a factor in the increase in serum lipids of diabetes
+ Level of intake an indicator of anemia
+ Low in muscle fatigue
+ Palliates skin allergy
+ Absorption mechanism
+ Anti stress effects
+ Deficiency causes small intestine inflammation
+ Supplementation fights gallstone disease in men
+ Role as chronic cell regulator
+ Decreases inflammatory markers (c-reactive protein) in heart failure
+ Deficiency contributes to metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and eclampsia
+ Supplementation improves athletic performance through increasing erythrocyte and hemoglobin levels
+ Little correlation between ionized and total magnesium
+ Intake lowers systemic markers of inflammation
+ Deficiency leads to excess inflammatory response to oxidative stress
+ Deficiency contributes to lens opacifiction
+ Supplementation has positive affect on pediatric asthma
+ Supplementation has positive affect on metabolic profile of diabetics
+ Supplementation reduces symptoms of PMS
+ Deficiency contributes to insulin resistance
+ May be associated with BMI
+ High acid load can cause magnesium deficiency
+ Manganese deficiency has been noted in humans in association with vitamin K deficiency
+ Affects skeletal health
+ Deficiency can cause:
- impaired growth
- disturbed or depressed reproductive functions
- lack of muscular coordination among newborns
- impaired glucose tolerance
+ Plays an active role in wound healing through support of collagen production
+ Manganese deficiency is not common, and there is more concern for toxicity related to manganese overexposure
+ Contributes to the plasma antioxidant capacity of the blood
+ Plays a role in the metabolism of drugs and toxins
+ Dietary molybdenum deficiency has never been observed in healthy people
+ An essential dietary mineral and electrolyte
+ Abnormally low plasma potassium concentration is referred to as hypokalemia
+ Abnormally elevated serum potassium concentrations are referred to as hyperkalemia
+ Several large epidemiological studies have suggested that increased potassium intake is associated with decreased risk of stroke
+ Studies have reported positive associations between dietary potassium intake and bone mineral density
+ Has been found to decrease urinary calcium excretion, the primary cause of kidney stones
+ Studies indicate that groups with high dietary potassium have lower blood pressure than comparable groups with low potassium intake
+ Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most common side effects of potassium supplements, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea
+ Absorption capacity
+ Effect on immune system
+ Positive impact on atherosclerosis seen in diabetics via decreased lesion formation
+ Fights against liver damage
+ Helps prevent gastric cancer
+ Improves lymphocytic function
+ Positive impact on antioxidant activity and glucose homeostasis
+ Deficiency contributes to myopathy
+ Intake of selenium glycinate reduces plasma PSA
+ May be involved in normal bone growth
+ Studies suggest vanadium may reduce blood sugar levels and improve sensitivity to insulin in type 2 diabetes
+ Animal studies suggest that vanadium may protect against colon cancer
+ More research is needed to clarify the role of vanadium in human health
+ Deficiency associated with cardiomyopathy (IDCMP)
+ Oxidative stress fighter
+ Deficiency is a far greater health problem than previously recognized
+ Deficiency associated with heart abnormalities
+ Deficiency associated with type 2 diabetes
+ High incidence of deficiency in China
+ Anti inflammatory benefits
+ Extends health span (genomic effect)
+ Enhances antioxidant effect
+ Anti-aging effect on immune system
+ Decreases respiratory tract infection
+ Deficiency is higher than believed and is associated with many real clinical problems
+ Use prevents some alcohol effects on the fetal neurological system
+ Supplementation helps fight pneumonia in elderly
+ Health impact on 300 enzyme systems
+ Deficiency is pro-atherosclerotic
+ Supplementation suppresses disease activity of ulcerative colitis
+ Loss can be both cause and effect of high blood pressure
+ Deficiency impairs EPO production leading to a decrease in red cell production
+ Supplementation has positive impact on oxidative stress of exercise
+ Has hepato-protective properties
+ Supplementation seen to decrease incidence of infection and decrease oxidative stress
+ Inhibits iron absorption, the degree of which depends on the Zinc/Iron ratio in lumen
+ Impacts cognitive function
+ Can negatively impact iron status
+ Supplementation improves immune response in elderly
+ Deficiency often seen in exclusively breast fed causing skin lesions
